Marketing Information System Essay Example for Free

Marketing Information System Essay INTRODUCTION: Marketing was the first functional area to exhibit an interest in MIS. Shortly after the MIS concept originated, marketers tailored it to their area and called it the MKIS (MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM). Early graphic models of MKISs provide a basis for organizing all functional information systems. The MKIS consists of three input subsystems: AIS, marketing research, and marketing intelligence. The output subsystems address the information needs of the four ingredients of the marketing mix (product, place promotion, and price), plus an integration of the four. SUMMARY: FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE The term organizational structure refers to how the people in an organization are grouped and to whom they report. One traditional way of organizing people is by function. Some common functions within an organization include production, marketing, human resources and accounting. FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS FIS also known as functional information system may be described as a computer program system which processes the daily information’s such as TPS (Transaction Processing Systems). MARKETING PRINCIPLES One definition states that marketing â€Å"consists of individual and organizational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion, and pricing of goods, services and ideas.† THE MARKETING MIX The objective is to develop strategies that apply these resources to marketing the firm’s goods, services, and ideas. The marketing strategies consist of a mixture of ingredients called the Marketing Mix: product, promotion, place, and price. They are known as the four Ps. Product – is what the customer buys to satisfy a perceived want or need. A product can be a physical good, some type of service, or an idea. Promotion – is concerned with all the means of encouraging the sale of the product, including advertising and personal selling. Place – deals with the means of physically distributing the product to the customer through a channel of distribution. Price consists of all the elements relating to what the customer pays for the product. EVOLUTION OF THE MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEMS CONCEPT In 1996 Professor Philip Kotler of Northwestern University used the term marketing nerve center to describe a new unit within marketing to gather and process marketing information. He identified the three types of marketing information. These are the following: Marketing Intelligence information that flows into the firm from the environment. Internal Marketing Information information that is gathered within the firm. Marketing Communications information that flows from the firm outward to the environment. EARLY MARKETING MODELS Brien and Stafford were among the first modelers. Basing their design on the four Ps and emphasizing the development of strategic marketing programs. King and Celand stressed strategic planning; whereas Kotler, Montgomery, and urban, and Crissy and Mossman emphasized decision support. These modeling efforts began in the 1960s and continued into the 1970s. MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL It consists of a combination of input and output subsystems connected by a database. Output Subsystems Each output subsystems provides information about its part of the mix. * Product Subsystems provides information about the firm’s products. * Place Subsystems provides information about the firm’s distribution network. * Promotion Subsystems provides information about the firm’s advertising and personal selling activities. * Price Subsystems helps the manager make pricing decisions. * Integrated-Mix Subsystems which enables the manager to develop strategies that considers the combined effects of the ingredients. Database A structured collection of data. The data that is used by the output subsystems comes from the database. Input Subsystems * Accounting Information System gathers data describing the firm’s marketing transactions. * Marketing Intelligence Subsystems gathers information from the firm’s environment that has a bearing on marketing operations. * Marketing Research Subsystems conducts special studies of marketing operations for the purpose of learning customer needs and improving marketing efficiency. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM The collection, storage and processing of financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers. An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources. The resulting statistical reports can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors, creditors and tax authorities. Data for Preparation of Periodic Reports A classic example of how marketing information can be provided by the AIS (Accounting Information System) is sales analysis. Sales Analysis is the study of the firm’s sales activity in terms of which products are being sold, which customer are buying the products, and which sales representatives are selling them. Data for Preparation of Special Reports The vast majority of data that is used to respond to managers’ database queries likely comes from the AIS, e.g. to prepare a sales analysis using 4GL. Data for Mathematical Models and Knowledge-Based Systems A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling.

The Role of Women and Minorities in the History of the Labor Movement Essay Example for Free

The Role of Women and Minorities in the History of the Labor Movement Essay Labor movements emerged as the working class and workers grouped into association in a bid to fight for their interests at the workplaces. Their interests which were mainly better treatment by the employers and the sate government called for creation of particular laws that concerned working relations. The specific collective associations that have existed within societies include trade and labor unions. In addition to the several elites and the political associations that actively participated in labor movements, women as well as the minority groups have made substantial contributions to the development of the labor movements. Most of the contributions were through trade unions and organizations. These include Women Trade Union League in the United States, The International Ladies Garment Workers Union, Womens Education, Industrial Union and Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union. In addition, there are notable contributions of individual women such as Ann Morgan, Frances Perkins, Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, Clara Lemlich, Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Rose Schneiderman, and Eleanor Roosevelt. This dissertation will entail a research through literature provide information on the role of women and the minority in the history of labor movement in America. Further, it will come up with a discussion regarding the roles of women in the history of trade movements in America. The effluent Women support A group of well-off women such as Frances Perkins, Alva Vanderbilt Belmont and Ann Morgan supported the efforts of the working class women through intercession with officials and donating money as well as protesting with them; these women were commonly referred to as the â€Å"Mink Brigade†. Born in 1853, Alva Belmont was a wealthy socialite who funded the women’s suffrage movement. She gave huge amount of money to the United States and United Kingdom movement. Further, she formed the Political Equality League to campaign for politicians who supported the suffrage goals. Frances Coralie Perkins Frances Coralie Perkins, who lived between 1882 and 1965, was the United States Secretary of labor between 1933 and 1947. She was the leader of the New York Consumer League where she advocated vigorously for appropriate working conditions and hours. In addition, Perkin is credited with the progressive reforms where she increased factory examinations, reduced the working hours of women to forty eight hours and advocated for laws of the unemployment insurance for the and minimum wage.   Perkins is known for her lenience on Harry Bridges, who was a communist leader of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union. She held the same interest with Smith in regard to social reform. Eleanor Roosevelt and Jane Addams Eleanor Roosevelt made major contribution in labor movements. After her husband, Franklin Roosevelt illness, she began to work with the Women’s Trade Union League. Eleanor supported the league in raising funds for its agenda like forty eight hour work week, child labor elimination, and minimum wage. Laura Jane Addams, who was born in 6 September 1860, founded the United States Settlement House movement. She assisted in the mediation of the Garment Workers Strike of the nineteen ten. Rose Schneideman Rose Schneideman, born between 1882 and 1772, was a well-known socialist and labor movement leader during the first decade of the twentieth century. Schneiderman started working in 1895 as cashier before becoming a lining stitcher within a cap plant. In nineteen hundred and two, she moved to Montreal where she began her unionism and political radicalism. In nineteen hundred and three, she went back to New York where she organized women working in the same factory that she worked in.   She is renowned for her contribution in the cap makers’ work stoppage of nineteen hundred and five which involved the entire city. She became an active member of the New York branch of Women’s Trade Union League before she was elected its vice president in nineteen hundred and eight. Moreover, she was actively involved in the Uprising of the 20,000 which was initiated by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Later on, Rose Schneideman became the national president of the Women Trade Union League. Schneideman phrase, â€Å"Bread and Roses† was widely used in the nineteen twelve textile strike which involved mostly women workers in Massachusetts. Again, she strongly opposed the Equal Rights Amendment which was viewed as denying the working class women legislative protection that WTUL had championed. Clara Lemlich Clara Lemlich lived between 1886 and 19982. She led the Uprising of 2000 which involved the shirtwaist laborers and contributed to her being blacklisted form garment industry. Later she joined the Communist party and became a consumer activist. She had joined the garment industry after migrating to New York. When her employer demanded double production of the employees, Lemlich together with several co-workers, revolted against the low pay, lack of advancement opportunities, long working hours, and the demeaning treatment by the supervisors. She got actively engaged in International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union where she was voted to the executive committee. She led numerous work stoppages of shirtwaist makers and challenged male union leaders to organize women workers in the garment industry. Lemlich is well known for her speech at the mass gathering of Shirtwaist Company and Leiserson Company workers seeking to strike, that led to the start of the strike. Lemlich further, devoted herself to suffrage activities where she founded the Wage Earners League together with Leonora O’Reilly, Schneiderman as well as two other women. This league was a substitute of the middle class suffrage organization that sought to involve and represent the working class. The Wage Earners League admitted only working class women as members. However, it sought support from the non working class and associated itself with the National American Woman Suffrage Association which it had earlier discounted. Florence Kelley Florence Kelley was born in 1859. She founded the National Consumer League that called for consumers to purchase products that came from companies which met the leagues standards. The standards included working and minimum wage. Moreover, Kelley was an activist for women suffrage and helped assisted in the laws concerning working conditions and child labor. The Women Trade Union League The league was established in nineteen hundred and three for both the affluent and working class women to support the attempts of women in organizing labor unions as well as stop unfavorable conditions. The Women Trade Union League played a significant role in aid of the considerable workers stoppage during the initial twenty years of the twentieth century. Their contribution included the formation of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union. Women Trade Union League drew on efforts of advocates in the settlement movement as well as in expanding unions that represented workers within industries that had a large number of women like textile and garment industries. Some of the activists of the settlement movement included Florence Kelley and Jane Addams. The league was led by both aristocratic philanthropists and experienced working women. In addition to aiding several strikes, the league supported the New York shirtwaist work stoppage of nineteen hundred and nine that involved more than twenty thousand people. The league provided headquarters for the organization of the strike, legal services and witnesses for picketers. In addition, it joined protesters in picket line and organized mass gatherings and matches to broadcast the shirtwaist workers grievances and the sweatshop situations they were advocating against. Although, the â€Å"Uprising of the 20, 000† produced some benefits to workers, it was not completely successful. Most of the Italian laborers participating in the strike gave up while most of the protesters did not have sufficient resources to engage in the strike. As well, although Lillian Wald was one of the pioneers in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, some African America activists encouraged black laborers to disengage from the strike. The Women Trade Union League also supported the work stoppages of New York cloakmakers and Chicago clothing workers in 1910 as well as the nineteen eleven’s Cleveland strike of garment workers. In addition, it aided the many other trade movements efforts in Massachusetts, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Missouri. However, after nineteen twelve, the league eased its involvement in trade movements and only participated in incidences where the strike leadership was appealing. In addition, the Women League had a semi- official connection with the American Federation of Labor as well as collaborated with the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America union. The league also founded a school in 1914 that taught women to be laborers leader as well as organizers. What is more, it contributed greatly in bringing garment workers of Italian origin into the union. The Women Trade Union League in legislative reform The league advocated for several change of legislation that affected workers. In particular, it embarked on working for the reforms on the minimum wage, the eight-hour day and the protective legislation. However, the league spared, in call for reforms, legislation that gave special protection to children and women.   The work of WTUL can also be described by the active advocacy for safety in work places both prior to the Triangle Shirtwaist fire of nineteen eleven and after. The event of the fire that resulted to death of one forty five individuals exposed the sincerity of activists such as Rose Schneiderman. WTUL criticized the character of National Women Party which was rather more individualistic. In addition, the league opposed the Equal Rights Amendment that was crafted by the National Women Party in the argument that the legislation would discredit the gainful benefits that WTUL had achieved. In the nineteen twenties and after, the league concentrated more on labor legislation. The leaders largely supported the â€Å"New Deal† and created a close connection with the administration of President Roosevelt via Eleanor Roosevelt who was a WTUL member from nineteen twenty three. The league was disbanded in nineteen fifty. Womens Education and Industrial Union The union engaged female researchers like Louise Bosworth to investigate the working situations of Women. The International Ladies Garment Workers Union The International Ladies Garment Workers Union was among the leading labor unions in America. Its membership was primarily female and it played a pivotal role in the history of labor unions. In 1995, it merged with Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union resulting to the Union of Needletrades, Industry and Textile Employees (UNITE). Further, UNITE merged with Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) to form a union referred to as UNITE HERE. Analysis The women role in trade union was split into the working class and the non working class. The non working class who were involved in the labor movement included the effluent women who used their political influence and financial powers to get through with their agendas. The working class labor leaders and activists were suspicious and mostly differed with the effluent women in regard to the implementation of the labor movements agendas. The non working class was seen as not genuine in advocating for the interests of the laborers. However, some effluent women such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Coralie Perkins and Alva Benmont played a pivotal role in the history of the labor movements. Mostly, women activists were affiliated with women’s labor movements. The mainstream labor movements were mail dominated and alienated women from decision making. However, women such as Rose Schneider were involved in leadership of labor movements with male membership although the primary membership was women workers. Conclusion Generally, roles of women in the history of labor movements are defined within mostly, the representation of women workers. These women affiliated to women labor unions which had primarily female membership. However, many women were concentrated in particular industries such as garment and textile industries. Therefore, most movements were male dominated and rarely gave chance for women participation. References: Annalise, O. (1995): Common Sense and a Little Fire, Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill Berg, G. (1989): Frances Perkins and the Flowering of Economic and Social Policies, Monthly Labor Review Foner, P. S. (1979): Women and the American Labor Movement, From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I Frances, P. (1946): The Roosevelt I Knew, New York: Penguin Group Martin, G. W. (1976): Madam Secretary, Frances Perkins. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York Maurine, B. H., et al, (2007): The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com/pm.qst?a=od=104599663. Accessed on 2007 October 19 Naomi, P. (1999): Frances Perkins, Champion of the New Deal, Oxford University Press, New York Orleck, A. (1995): Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965. Peter, H. (2002): Cities of Tomorrow, Blackwell Publishing. Stasz, C. (2000): The Vanderbilt Women: Dynasty of Wealth, Glamour and Tragedy. iUniverse, New York Stuart, A.M. (2006): Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt: The Story of a Daughter and a Mother in the Gilded Age. HarperCollins, New York

The Usage Of Wireshark Computer Science Essay

The Usage Of Wireshark Computer Science Essay This document explains the usage of WIRESHARK, its mechanism, its detailed evaluation and demonstration. The main objective behind this report is to operate Wireshark with its powerful features, what are the limitations / Weaknesses. This document also describes the main purpose of Wireshark along with its benefits and disadvantages in a network. Finally the steps that are required to safeguard the system by using Wireshark are also dealt. Table of Contents Overview †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Mechanism of Wireshark †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Demonstration and Evaluation .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Limitations / Weaknesses .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Steps to Protect System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 1. Overview: Wireshark is a great piece of free open source software for network monitoring and it is a fantastic packet sniffer. It was created by Gerald Combs a computer science graduate during his education period. In late 1990s it was known as Ethereal which was used to capture and analyse packets. However in 2006 summer due to some trademark and legal issues it was renamed to WIRESHARK. Wireshark interactively examines and investigates data from http requests, Cookies, Forms, Ethernet, Token-Ring, FDDI, live network, or a captured file. It can easily decipher data and displays it as clear as possible. It does contain some powerful features like TCP Stream which allows viewing reconstructed stream of TCP session and it also has the capability to monitor UDP and SSL streams. In the same way it allows number of protocols and media types. Wireshark uses plug-ins to eliminate new protocols. It is based on libpcap tool. Tethereal is a tcpdump like console which is included in it. It is capable of performing live capture of network packets, offline network analysis and VoIP analysis. It is also used as protocol analysis tool. Wireshark is cross platform, easy to download and install. It comfortably runs on UNIX (NetBSD, OpenBSD, Apple Mac OS X, etc.), LINUX (Dedian, Ubuntu, Slackware, etc.), Windows (Xp, Vista, 7, etc.). Wireshark is very similar to tcp dump and it can also work with GUI. It can be executed in tty mode by using Tshark as a command line tool. It can also access packets captured from other sniffers such as Wild Packets, Visual Networks Visual UpTime, Snoop, Network General Sniffer, Microsoft Network Monitor, tcp dump, CA NetMaster and many other. Users can create personalized filter strings to attain granular level of configuration. Wireshark is a top rated packet sniffer. The best powerful feature of Wireshark is tracking, detecting and decoding data by using enormous array of display filters, which allows user to extract the exact traffic required. It has a standard built in three-pane packet browser. Various protocols like Kerberos, WEP, IPsec and WPA are supported for decryption. Colori ng rules is one of the best features that applied for quick and intuitive analysis of packet list. The captured data packets can be saved to disk and that can be exported to various formats such as plain text, xml, or CSV. In a network Wireshark enables to access different Protocol Data Units as it understands number of networking protocols. The Basic part of Wireshark software is pcap tool, but when dealt withnwindows operating systems it is known as Wincap which allows Wireshark to run on the system. Promiscuous Mode is a main feature of Wireshark which allows capturing packets across the network. It works in promiscuous mode by Network Interface Card (NIC). The network administrator must either place the correct precautions or sniffers like Wireshark which poses several security threats that traverse across a network. Because of those threats Virtual Local Network uses some reliable protocols like Secure Shell (SSH), Secure Socket Layer (SSL), and Transport Layer (TLS). 2. Mechanism of Wireshark: Wireshark is a preinstalled tool used in many Linux distributions. However in Backtrack it is a preinstalled and can be used directly from the start menu/ All Applications/ Internet / Wireshark. The main purpose of this network analyser is to capture data packets. Wireshark grabs data packets for every single request between the host and server. Now a days technology is like a Gun, much more sophisticated as it can use for both good and evil. Wireshark has number of advantages, for instance, network administrators use it for trouble shooting network problems. Security engineers use it for examining the security problems in a network. Developers use it very often for debugging protocol implementations. Most of the folks use it to learn network protocols. Wireshark can measure data in a perfect manner but it cannot manipulate data. The following illustration describes the Wireshark function blocks: Wireshark function blocks. Source: http://www.wireshark.org/docs/wsdg_html_chunked/ChWorksOverview.html GTK 1/2: GTK handles all the requests (i.e) input/output for windows and it does contain source code in gtk folder. Core: The main core glue code holds the extra blocks together in which the source code is available in root folder. Epan: Epan means Ethereal Packet Analyser, it is a data packets analysing engine. It consists of Protocol Tree, Dissectors, Plugins and vast number of display filters. Source code for EPAN is available in epan folder. Protocol Tree holds the protocol information of the captured packets. Dissectors consist of number of protocol dissectors in epan/dissectors directory. Some protocol dissectors can be executed as plugins to eliminate new protocols where as its source code is available in plugins. Display Filters can be found in epan/dfilter directory and these are also display filter engine. Wiretap: The wiretap is a library which is mainly used to read and write captured packets to libpcap and other file formats on harddisk. Source code is available in wiretap directory. Capture: Capture is an engine which has captured data. It holds captured libraries which are platform independent. As a result Wireshark has number of display and capture filters. Builtbot: The Buildbot automatically reconstructs Wireshark for the changes occurred in repositories source code and brings up some problematic changes. It provides up to date binary packages. It is helpful for bugfix and fuzz test and it also shows problems which are very hard to find. Buitbot can create binary package and source package. It can also run regression tests. 3. Demonstration and Evaluation: Capturing Packets: After logging in to Wireshark Network Analyses, click on Capture then select Interfaces as shown in Fig 1. Select the required interface to capture packets. Every interface will be provided with Start and Options as in Fig 2. Start allows capturing data and Options button allow configuring the options in the interface as shown in Fig 3. Fig 1 C:UsersNarenDesktop1.png Fig 2 C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (3).png Fig 3 C:UsersNarenDesktop3.png Capture packets in promiscuous mode: This option lets the adaptor to capture packets not only within system but also across the network but network administrator can know about this. Limit each packet to: This option limits the maximum number of bytes to capture from each and every packet. The size includes the link layer header and other subsequent headers, so this option is generally left unset to get full frames. Capture Filters and Capture File: Capture Filters allow only specific type of protocols to enter so that it reduces amount of packets to capture. Capture File allows a file from the system to save the captured traffic. Wireshark by default uses temporary files and memory to capture traffic. Multiple files: This option stores captured data to number of files instead of a single file. When Wireshark needs to capture for a long time this option is useful. The generated file name consists of an incrementing number with the creation time captured data. Stop Capture: This option allows Wireshark to stop capturing after the given number of packets has been captured. Display Options: Update list of packets in real time option saves captured files immediately to the main screen but it slows down the capture process and packet drops can be appeared. Automatic scrolling in live capture automatically allows Wireshark to scroll the packet list (i.e.) the latest captured data. This option will work when update list of packets in real time is enable. Hide capture info dialog is to hide the information while capturing. It is better to disable this option to understand packets being captured from each protocol. Name Resolution: Enable MAC name resolution is to perform the mac layer name resolution by enabling it while capturing data. Enable network name resolution performs the network layer name resolution. It is better to disable this because Wireshark issues DNS quires to resolve IP protocols. Enable transport name resolution this attempts Wireshark to perform transport layer transport name resolution. Data can be captured with (fig3) or without (fig2) configuration the options. Click in start button to start the capturing packets. But it is better to keep the browser ready before starting the capture. Now generate some traffic and that will be captured by Wireshark. Fig 4 This was the traffic generated at that instance C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (4).png Fig 5 This was the traffic captured and it has many protocols like TCP, HTTP and TLSv1 etc. C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (5).png As shown in below fig 6, 7 protocols can be filtered by using Filter or Expression. Filters can directly sort out after typing the required addresses. But coming to Expression user must select the required addresses from the field name. Finally click Apply button on main screen, then only it will be filtered. Fig 6 C:UsersNarenDocumentsNarenStudy PlaceBack UpNarenWireshark1 (6).PNG Fig 7 The following Fig 8, Fig 9 shows the filtered HTTP addresses Fig 8 Fig 9 Wireshark grabs data for each and every request between the host and server. Traffic can also be sorted by clicking on Protocol, Time, Source and Destination. But in above Fig 9 it was filtered by using Expression. In the above Fig 9 (774 http GET) address was selected and then Wireshark displayed Frame Number, Ethernet, Internet Protocol, Hypertext Transfer Protocol and few more. Among Hypertext Transfer Protocol is very important because it consists of the following data. GET /webapps/SHU-pmt-bb†¦../bullets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Host: shuspace.shu.ac.ukrn User Agent: Mozilla/†¦.. It provides some more details like Accept, Accept Language and few more as shown in Fig 9. In Fig 10 there is column at last which consists of hard cipher. Data like user id, password and cookies etc. will be embedded in that cipher. To view that data simply click on Analyze and next click Follow TCP Stream as shown in Fig 11. Fig 10 Fig 11 The above picture shows all the details in the captured data. The data in the Fig 11 doesnt contain user id and password because it was not login page. If it is the login page means here itself the user id and password will be displayed. Wireshark can also grab data from forms and examine cookies. Wireshark has so many options like start capture, stop capture restart live capture and save capture etc. Fig 12 and 13 shows how the captured data can be saved. It also shows the number of packets selected and captured by it. Wireshark can reuse that data for further investigation. It allows adding a new capture type to libpcap. When Tap interface is added to Wireshark, it can produce protocol statistics. Fig 12 Fig 13 4. Limitations / Weaknesses: Some sniffers have the best feature, metrics of network traffic can be counted without storing captured packets because some host may have tremendous amount of traffic and required to monitor for a long time without causing conflicts like inbound or outbound traffic. Bounce diagrams are very helpful to view TCP traffic but in Wireshark TCP Tap listener must be included to draw bounce diagrams. If Wireshark allows pair of Ethernet interfaces then it will be easy to test network latency. When comparing captures manually it is better to include SHA1, CRC and MD5 on protocols so that packet corruption can be eliminated. Wireshark required adding automatic update feature to Win32 for every month to update security features. Properties of the last used interface (MAC and IP etc.) must be made available so that it is easy to use variables. Wireshark must be able to capture an interface which is not in existence presently so that it can start capturing immediately after creating of that preferred interface and similarly to capture from USB and FireWire on platforms which are supported. It must also have a compressor to compress data while writing to harddisk. In recent times Wireshark was becoming popular in security bulletins because of several security related bugs. Protecting the system: Network administrators use Wireshark for troubleshooting the network problems. Protocol examination is a procedure used to notice in a real time. The raw data sent across the network interface is helpful for network arrangement and troubleshooting. Wireshark is used to monitoring distributed application and that monitored data can be used for detecting errors so performance will be improved. It is mainly used for examining the security problems and debugging protocol implementations. Easy to access and learn TCPIP protocols, MAC frame, IP datagram. Dag cards are specialised network monitoring cards. Multi-threading allows the capturing and also speedup the application by reducing the response time. The captured data can be used in any way depends on the persons goal. Sniffers are designed to solve network problems but in same they are malicious. It is very hard to identify sniffer because of passiveness, alternatively there are some way to detect by ARP detection technique, RTT detection and some more like SNMP monitoring. 6. Literature Review: 7. Conclusion: This report explains the operation of Wireshark Network Analyser with clear demonstration. Initially report describes the overview and outstanding features of Wireshark like TCP Steam, Promiscous Mode, TethereaI, Plugins, Three-Pane, PDU, NIC and cross platform working etc. In mechanism illustrated the internal function blocks, Interfaces and Packages of Wireshark. Next in demonstration part capturing procedure steps, configuration options and filters are described with graphical representation. This report mainly focuses on how Wireshark grabs data packets from the network and why it is the best among all the sniffers. Lastly some of the limitations/weaknesses that are present in Wireshark. The main objective of this assignment was to complete the Systems and Application Security module in ISS Masters and get idea of all the applications regarding to security stream. In particular, I would like to state that the assignment helped a lot to learn about all the options in Wireshark. Finally I thank Mr Neil for giving me this chance to explore my knowledge.

The Physics of Semiconductor Devices Essay examples -- Electronics Ele

The Physics of Semiconductor Devices The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100 students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor. The reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics, especially in this computerized age that we live in, and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis. To understand the physics of a semiconductor device it is first necessary to take a step back into basic electronics and establish a basis for this discussion. The best starting point is electricity itself. Electricity is simply electrons moving together through a conductive path, conductive meaning that it does not slow it down in any way. There are many papers and books on how electricity works and it is not the purpose of this paper to explain this but rather how electricity moves through certain materials. Every college student in America should know that electricity moves through metal wires, this is because metal conducts electricity. The most common metal used for this purpose is copper. Copper is not the only conductive material in the world, gold, silver, steel, and iron are all examples of metals that conduct electricity. However gold and silver are very expensive and copper conducts electricity better than steel and iron. Metal itself is not the only material that conducts electricity but will conduct it the easiest. We will now discuss briefly how a copper... ...n. With the completion of our discussion of Ohms law this paper makes it possible to understand basic semiconductors and how they are used in small circuits. I will again stress how vast the electronics world is becoming and that this is just a small start into that world. Many books are contained on how these two components are used but if taken a small step at a time these are not difficult to understand. I hope that this can give someone a start into this world of knowledge on electricity. References: MacDonald, Lorne; Basic Solid State Electronic Circuit Analysis, fourth edition. The Technical Education Press; Chico California. 2000. MacDonald, Lorne; Practical Circuit Analysis of Amplifiers. The Technical Education Press; Chico California. 1994. Physics, a World View; Kirkpatrick and Wheeler, fourth edition, Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.

Aphrodite Invocation :: essays research papers

Oh Muse! With visions Thou hast filled my soul, With visions overpowering, for Thou Hast shown me Golden Aphrodite; now The blaze emboldens me; like coal To brighter burning fanned by Breath Divine, The Cyprian enflameth me with words, Seductive sounds, which swiftly would entwine My soul, as lime-twigs trap unwary birds. An Ancient Poet* spake the truth; he said When Cypris cometh swift, high-spirited Just like a Hero -- irresistible Her onslaught, nor may anyone annul Her summons; flouting Her is arrogance, A failure to respect the difference `Tween Gods and Mortals; nor can even They Resist Her Power. She is held at bay By only three: Athena, Bright-Eyed Maid, And Artemis, who haunts both wood and glade, And Hestia reject the Paphian's Dove, For They alone deny delights of Love. The Cyprian's summons is a challenge. Be Thou brave and answer it, for verily A God hath willed it; surely stinging grief Will be refusal's price, so seek relief, Conforming to the Paphian's Will. So spake the Poet Truths he would instill. Far-shining Aphrodite, hear our prayer! Thou Laughter-loving Lady, Paphian, Well-girded, Golden, Sea-born, Cyprian, Companion, Tender-hearted, or howe'er It pleaseth Thee to be addressed, attend, We ask, our words of praise, and send Thy Grace, because Thou art the source of all That's charming, graceful, all that doth enthrall In word or deed, in action, figure, face. For Thine is the allure that doth enlace Our hearts as one, for as the charmed is bound, So also is the charmer quickly found Surrendering, with yearning undisguised, The compromiser gladly compromised! But irresistible is even this, Seducer falling to seduction; bliss Repaid is twofold bliss, drawing tight The bonds about them both, in shared delight. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Now I call in ancient sounds: Aphrodite Khrusostephane Glukumeilikh' O he Kalligloute Thea Pandeme Hetaira su Morpho, ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Or whatever name doth please Thee, Hear! If ever I've appeased Thee, Now attend my prayer beseeching, See my hands toward Thee reaching, Know my love is everlasting! Lady, grant the gift I'm asking And appear before us, whether Now sojourning deep in Nether Regions with the Queen of Hades, Or in Heaven with Thy Ladies, Founts of all allure, the Graces, Fair Their form and fair Their faces! I request Thee, leave Thy station! Grant to us a visitation! Show to us Thy face delightful! Let us worship Thee as rightful, Shapely form that's Thine adoring! Hear our voices now upsoaring To the Heavens from our chorus! Please, we ask Thee, stand before us! Queen of Twilight, Queen of Morning! Deeds just done or now aborning Are Thy favorites; prized the clever Warrior of the bold endeavor! Dear to Thee the Sun that's rising, Thou reward for enterprising Souls, Thou prize of tasks completed, Thou in rivalry entreated To bestow Thy grace, advising, Bold advances galvanizing! Such Thy gift and such Thy favor,

Michael Ondaatjes The Collected Works of Billy the Kid Essay -- Colle

The Perception of Violence in Michael Ondaatje's The Collected Works of Billy the Kid A question that arises in almost any medium of art, be it music, film or literature, is whether or not the depiction of violence is merely gratuitous or whether it is a legitimate artistic expression. There can be no doubt that Michael Ondaatje's long poem The Collected Works of Billy the Kid is a violent work, but certain factors should be kept in mind before passing it off as an attempt to shock and titillate; certainly, the poem does both of these, but they are not the primary purpose of the work. For one thing, social context needs to be considered; Billy lived in the "Wild West", a time associated with range wars, shoot-outs and great train robberies. The entire legend of Billy the Kid has been built around his criminal activities and notorious reputation; indeed, the more popular this myth becomes, the more people he is accused of having murdered. If anything, it was a cultural fascination with violence that "created" the legend, perhaps even more so than anything the "real" Bi lly ever did. Michael Ondaatje comments on this phenomenon and actually offers an alternative vision of who Billy the Kid was; perhaps he was not just a blood-thirsty killer but a man who, due to circumstance and human nature, was continually being pushed over the edge. Ondaatje is more concerned with the motivations behind the acts of violence than the acts of violence themselves: "A motive? some reasoning we can give to explain all this violence. Was there a source for all this? yup -" (54). If they shock, it is to shock the readers out of complicity and encourage them to think about the nature of violence and their own capacity for it. Though it is more ... ...nstitutes a "fit" subject for poetry. If love is deemed suitable, should the expression of violence be any less so? Both are part of the human experience; indeed, it is hard to imagine one existing without the other. As Billy says, "I am here with the range for everything" (72), a range which includes "hands that need the rub of metal/ those senses that/ that want to crash things with an axe" (72). Michael Ondaatje gives us this range and then leaves it up to us to define our own "edge"; what are we capable of?.... What is our potential? Works Cited and Consulted Mundwiler, Leslie. Michael Ondaatje: Word, Image, Imagination. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1984. Ondaatje, Michael. The Collected Works of Billy the Kid. Toronto: Anansi, 1970. Solecki, Sam. "Introduction." Spider Blues: Essays on Michael Ondaatje. Ed. Sam Solecki. Montrà ©al: Và ©hicule, 1985. 7-11.

Child Development Punishment and Deterrence Essay

When discuss children and issues that we have with them we to be sensitive and have a sympathetic ear meaning we have to listen before we disciple them. We will discuss how to use techniques and solutions that can prevent our children from committing mistakes that can be fatal. With children now they have pretty much gotten away with disrespecting no just adults and the parent but themselves as well. So we find ways to discipline them by taking away video game and leisure time but that sometimes does work why, is because we have spent so much time buying things to occupy their time due to our absence and lack of discipline when the time is appropriate. Now the child has gotten away with so much while he or she is little they tend to be more bold with words and more disrespectful and then we have had it and want them out or we want help from others if you ask me it’s no one else’s business it should stay in the family. This is because if this gets out about your child misbehaving it can go both ways, it can help you ask far reaching out for help because others have the same problems and can’t find a solution so the group can work together and find ways to fix the problem. Or you can take your child to Dr. Phil which to me is embarrassing because you actually have to expose this problem to the world about a child! You can’t raise your or control your household where you pay bills, and provide a roof with food and water available at any time â€Å"DISRESPECTFUL†. We tend to use the old ways of punishment like belts and extension cords etc. But you can’t do that anymore we have counseling, psychiatrists, and the law! I say the law because now if you hit a child and he or she calls the police you’re going to jail and will be frowned upon and possibly humiliated. The belt method in my opinion should be used from ages 2-10 I know it sound harsh but I rather punish my child now than see them in a grave later because of lack of acknowledgement of what right and what’s wrong this could be a life and death situation. Here is an example remember the â€Å"Menendez Brothers† Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their parents, Jose and Kitty, to death in the den of the family’s Beverly Hills, California, home. They then drove up to Mulholland Drive, where they dumped their shotguns before continuing to a local movie theater to buy tickets as an alibi. When the pair returned home, Lyle called 911 and cried, â€Å"Somebody killed my parents!† The Menendez murders became a national sensation when the new television network, Court TV, broadcast the trial in 1993. Although the Menendez brothers were not immediately suspected, Erik couldn’t take the guilt and confessed his involvement to his psychotherapist, Dr. L. Jerome Oziel. Ignoring his own ethical responsibilities, Dr. Oziel taped the sessions with his new patient in an apparent attempt to impress his mistress. But the woman ended up going to the police with her information and, in March 1990, Lyle, 22, and Erik, 19, were arrested. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parents Now we can debate why did these children do this? Is it because of lack of punishment maybe the kids were spoiled and had nothing to challenge them and decided to make names for them by creating a violent episode, or maybe they we sick psychologically what do you think? More than 20% of the inmates in the cook county jail range from ages 16-30. This is very true because crime for these individuals have risen due to the fact of single home parenting while results in most cases kids joining gangs and being embraced by the streets. I have a clue but I can’t really tell you why these crimes are so high it’s like they have little no regards for the law. But we have to teach them when they are young and encourage them to do better and live a long life and show them why crime doesn’t pay versus telling them. No as far as deterrence this is a problem and I’m going to tell you of my experience being a soldier put in that position. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana it was so tragic that for everyone to see around the world was involved in the recovery efforts. I volunteered to go down and do whatever so I served as a second hand but only in uniform. But when my unit got called up to go down there we had a mission to patrol the streets and put up road blocks and issue a curfew. This was not good we had stopped a few people and I could see the terror in their eyes because they had men in uniform that had US Army insignia with M-16’s like we were at war. We were supposed to be helping others not putting more resistance on them as far as taking away there last bit of freedom but we had no choice because the police were corrupt and had fled the state so we were now the lawmen as well as the rescuers. Here we are with these large vehicles rolling down the street 5-10 HUMVEE’s in a row with all this gear, this made people more afraid that safe they didn’t know what to do. But the point is that if we launch our on people against each other its’ like genocide what would happen if you had relative that were known for trouble in Kentucky and you are deployed down there and have to confront one of them in an effort to clean up and make peace this is difficult do you arrest them, talk to them, engage them your own blood? Military should be the last and final resort. I just believe the FBI and its task force should be deployed in a summer and take over the streets because they carry stiffer penalties when you commit crimes of violent nature such as murder and possession of firearms etc. References (http://www.nicic.gov/) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parents